Influence of a synthetic ureido nucleating agent on crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polyamide 6

A synthetic ureido mixture prepared from the reaction of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane disocynanate (MDI) and cyclohexylamine without using any harmful organic solvents, has been used as a nucleating agent (PNA) for polyamide 6 (PA6). The effect of PNA on the crystallization and mechanical properties of PA6 has been studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), tensile test, melt flow index (MFI), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that PNA is an effective nucleation agent for PA6. PNA affects the nucleation mechanism of PA6, and substantially accelerates the crystallization rate of PA6 and gives rise to smaller crystal size. In comparison with PA6, the crystallization temperature (T_c) of PA6/PNA (100/0.5) increases 21.3°C and the degree of sub‐cooling (ΔT_c) decreases 23.7°C. Furthermore, because of the heterogeneous nucleation induced by PNA, the spherulites of PA6 become even and tiny based on POM observation. Polymorph transform has been obtained from XRD analysis. The virgin PA6 is free of γ‐phase crystals, presented as α‐phase crystals in this study, but γ‐phase crystal appears after the introduction of PNA. The mechanical and thermal properties of PA6 are obviously improved by the addition of PNA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2011–2017, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

硫酸水解法改性聚丙烯腈纤维的结构与性能

采用硫酸(H2SO4)水解法对聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维进行改性,并使用差示扫描量热法、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜等手段研究了H2SO4溶液浓度与处理温度对改性PAN纤维的热性能、表面形貌及力学性能等的影响。结果表明:适宜的H2SO4水解条件为H2SO4溶液质量分数30%,水解温度130℃,水解时间40 min;在此条件下得到的改性PAN纤维对比未改性纤维,其热稳定化反应起始放热温度由255℃降低到238℃,峰值温度由322℃降低到290℃,放热峰宽增大,从而有助于提高预氧化工艺的可控性;在改性过程中部分氰基水解为酰胺基和羧基,纤维中的氧元素含量增加,氮元素含量减少,纤维的本体结构受到了一定的损伤,导致纤维力学性能有所降低。     

酯类共聚单体对PAN结构及热稳定化行为的影响

采用K2S2O8-NaHSO3氧化还原引发剂和水相沉淀聚合法制备了丙烯腈均聚物(PAN)、丙烯腈-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(P(AN-VAc))、丙烯腈-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(P(AN-MA));采用红外光谱、核磁共振、差示扫描量热/热重同步分析仪、X射线衍射仪等手段对聚合物的结构及热稳定化行为进行了研究。结果表明:引入VAc,MA酯类共聚单体对PAN聚合物的立构规整性几乎没有影响,3种聚合物的等规、无规、间规比例均约为1∶2∶1,平均序列长度约为2,呈现典型的无规聚合物结构特征;在空气气氛热稳定化过程中,VAc,MA酯类共聚单体不能以离子形式在低温下引发环化反应,但是都可以起到缓和放热和减少失重的作用,从而提高热稳定化过程的可控性;在相同条件下进行热稳定化处理,P(AN-MA)具有较高的相对环化率和芳构化指数,表明MA更有利于提高热稳定化程度。     

Deep Sequencing Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Muscle of Fast-Growing and Slow-Growing Broilers

Growth performance is an important economic trait in chicken. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in various biological processes, but their functions in chicken growth are not yet clear. To investigate the function of miRNAs in chicken growth, breast muscle tissues of the two-tail samples (highest and lowest body weight) from Recessive White Rock (WRR) and Xinghua Chickens (XH) were performed on high throughput small RNA deep sequencing. In this study, a total of 921 miRNAs were identified, including 733 known mature miRNAs and 188 novel miRNAs. There were 200, 279, 257 and 297 differentially expressed miRNAs in the comparisons of WRRh vs. WRRl, WRRh vs. XHh, WRRl vs. XHl, and XHh vs. XHl group, respectively. A total of 22 highly differentially expressed miRNAs (fold change > 2 or < 0.5; p-value < 0.05; q-value < 0.01), which also have abundant expression (read counts > 1000) were found in our comparisons. As far as two analyses (WRRh vs. WRRl, and XHh vs. XHl) are concerned, we found 80 common differentially expressed miRNAs, while 110 miRNAs were found in WRRh vs. XHh and WRRl vs. XHl. Furthermore, 26 common miRNAs were identified among all four comparisons. Four differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-223, miR-16, miR-205a and miR-222b-5p) were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Regulatory networks of interactions among miRNAs and their targets were constructed using integrative miRNA target-prediction and network-analysis. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) was confirmed as a target of miR-146b-3p by dual-luciferase assay and qPCR, indicating that miR-34c, miR-223, miR-146b-3p, miR-21 and miR-205a are key growth-related target genes in the network. These miRNAs are proposed as candidate miRNAs for future studies concerning miRNA-target function on regulation of chicken growth.     

Adjuvant Immune Enhancement of Subunit Vaccine Encoding pSCPI of Streptococcus iniae in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is an important agricultural fish that has been plagued by Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) infections in recent years, some of them severe. C5a peptidase is an important virulent factor of S. iniae. In this study, the subunit vaccine containing the truncated part of C5a peptidase (pSCPI) was mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel (AH), propolis adjuvant (PA), and Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA). The immunogenicity of the pSCPI was detected by Western-blot in vitro. The relative percent survival (RPS), lysozyme activity, antibody titers, and the expression of the related immune genes were monitored in vivo to evaluate the immune effects of the three different adjuvants. The results showed that pSCPI exerted moderate immune protection (RPS = 46.43%), whereas each of the three adjuvants improved the immune protection of pSCPI. The immunoprotection of pSCPI + AH, pSCPI + PA, and pSCPI + FIA was characterized by RPS values of 67.86%, 75.00% and, 85.71%, respectively. Further, each of the three different adjuvanted pSCPIs stimulated higher levels of lysozyme activity and antibody titers than the unadjuvanted pSCPI and/or PBS buffer. In addition, pSCPI + FIA and pSCPI + PA induced expression of the related immune genes under investigation, which was substantially higher than the levels stimulated by PBS. pSCPI + AH significantly stimulated the induction of MHC II β, CD4-L2, and IFN-γ, while it induced slightly higher production of TNF-α and even led to a decrease in the levels of IL-1β, MHC I α, and CD8 α. Therefore, we conclude that compared with the other two adjuvants, FIA combined with pSCPI is a more promising candidate adjuvant against S. iniae in channel catfish.     

基于前推回代法和牛顿拉夫逊法的配电网潮流计算

针对牛顿拉夫逊法计算潮流时对节点电压初值的要求高的缺点,结合配电网为放射状网络的特征,提出基于前推回代法和牛顿拉夫逊法的配电网潮流计算,利用前推回代法第一次迭代的结果作为牛顿拉夫逊法的初值,能够满足牛顿拉夫逊法对初值的要求,且具有良好的收敛速度。最后,应用实例证明基于前推回代法和牛顿拉夫逊法的配电网潮流计算迭代次数少,收敛性好。     

基于可靠度和效费比的特种车辆维修策略优化方法

为解决军用特种车辆维修周期设定不当导致的维修成本增加、效率降低等问题,提出一种单个更换周期不完全预防性维修计划的方法.采用役龄回退因子和故障率递增因子的混合故障率函数描述部件故障率变化趋势,引入惩罚机制来减少偶然因素引起的故障维修延时问题,以可靠度和维修方式效费比为约束条件确定维修周期.以某型军用车辆为例,通过预先设定的可靠度阈值确定预防性维修周期,根据计算不同预防性维修方式的效费比选择维修方式,生成维修方案,并与传统方案进行对比.结果表明:该方法能有效降低故障率,提高维修工作效率,减少维修资源浪费.     

The Hot Workability of SiCp/2024 Al Composite by Stir Casting

The hot workability of SiC_p/2024 Al composite was explored by conducting hot compression simulation experiments on Gleeble-3500 under temperatures of 300–500 °C and strain rates of 10^?3–1 s^?1. Constitutive equation was developed through hyperbolic sine function, and the activation energy was calculated to be 151 kJ mol^?1. The hot processing maps referring to dynamic material model were drawn in a true strain range from ?0.2 to ?0.8. At the strain of ?0.8, the recommended regions in processing map contained two domains: superplastic domain (500 °C, 10^?3 s^?1) with an efficiency of about 0.72 and DRX domain (500°C, 1 s^?1) with an efficiency of about 0.45. Together with macrostructure and microstructure observations, it was suggested to remove the DRX region.     

三元共晶成分Al2O3/YAG/ZrO2粉体及陶瓷的制备与组织性能研究

本文采用醇水共沉淀法制备了三元共晶成分Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂粉体,在600-1350_oC温度范围煅烧后研究其物相转变过程。经1300_oC煅烧后Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂共晶成分粉体的物相由α-Al₂O₃、c-ZrO₂和YAG构成,且具有α-Al₂O₃相包裹c-ZrO₂相的特殊结构。将煅烧粉体在1550_oC下热压烧结,制备具有内晶型结构的共晶成分Al₂O₃/YAG/ZrO₂复相陶瓷,其致密度、室温抗弯强度、断裂韧性和高温(1000_oC)抗弯强度分别为98.8%、420 MPa、3.69 MPa.m_1/2和464 MPa,并对复相陶瓷组织结构的形成机理进行了探讨。     

爬架利用幕墙钢梁附着爬升施工技术

结合帝豪金融大厦的成功案例,阐述在层高大于6 m的超高楼层需要安装附着脚手架附着导向座的位置,提前安装固定幕墙用的钢梁,并通过抱钢梁的固定件将附着导向座与幕墙钢梁牢固连接,从而达到爬架可附着且连续爬升的效果.爬架利用幕墙钢梁附着爬升施工技术解决了爬升式脚手架在架空层、转换层等层高大于6 m超高楼层施工应用的限制,爬架爬升简单并提高爬架爬升效率,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益.